The sources of health threats are multiple, including communicable diseases, chronic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, pollution, climate change, disasters, conflicts and displacement, and the interruption of vaccines and medical supplies. Cybersecurity risks also emerge, as the disruption of digital systems or the leakage of health data can disrupt services and violate patient privacy. Therefore, health security should not be reduced to emergencies or treatment issues, nor should it be treated as a separate file from public policy.
Protection begins with building strong and fair health systems, capable of providing daily care and maintaining readiness for crises. This includes providing primary health care services, qualified and protected staff, reliable laboratories, early warning and monitoring systems, accurate data that is analyzed and used in a timely manner. It also requires a strategic stockpile and continuity plans, and the ability to produce medicines and vaccines locally or diversify sources of access. A plan that does not include clear responsibilities, funding, training, and practical exercises remains a document on paper, and there are many of them!